\r\n\t\t\tRadioimmunotherapy: A Review of I-131 Tositumomab and Y-90 Ibritumomab Tiuxetan for the Treatment of NHL
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) is a recent and promising therapeutic strategy in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Successful administration requires advanced coordination of care between members of the patient's entire clinical team—including the radiologic technologist. Understanding the operating parameters and safety issues surrounding RIT are critical skills needed to successfully treat these patients. This article reviews the signs and symptoms, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options for NHL, with a focus on B-cell NHL and current options for RIT with special attention to initial patient evaluation and dosing, follow-up imaging, and important radiation safety concerns for patients, caregivers, family members, and institutions delivering care.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThree-Dimensional Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: An Introduction
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Breast cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, although early detection may significantly increase survival rates. When diagnosed early, the 5-year survival rate for patients with breast cancer is greater than 90%. A recently-approved three-dimensional breast imaging technique, digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) provides views of the entire breast or individual cross-sectional slices, thereby lessening the problem of overlapping tissue leading to fewer false-positive findings, and reducing the number call-backs for additional testing. DBT can also better depict breast lesions and may eventually replace spot compression views. This article aims to describe this new technology and discuss how it may affect breast imaging in the near future.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tStereotactic Breast Biopsy
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Breast biopsy is an important procedure for breast cancer screening and diagnosis. Although most abnormalities identified in mammography are not breast cancer, approximately 2% of women must undergo further testing. For many years, surgical breast biopsy was the only option for obtaining an adequate tissue specimen. Stereotactic biopsy, a less invasive alternative to surgical biopsy, has a high rate of accuracy and good safety and patient acceptability. The stereotactic method may be used with a variety of biopsy devices and needle sizes to quickly obtain tissue samples for histologic assessment. Proper technique, combined with careful analysis of previous mammograms has proven to be a successful option to quickly obtain tissue samples for histologic assessment.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tBreast Implants and Mammography: Clinical Challenges
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Breast augmentation is the most commonly performed cosmetic surgical procedure in the United States having increased by 39% from 2000 to 2009. The safety of implants has been challenged in recent years, and the potential for implants to interfere with mammography is a topic of continuing debate. The most important components of successful long-term cancer screening in women who have undergone breast augmentation or reconstruction are technologists who are knowledgeable about the proper precautions to take during mammography and the specific techniques that maximize the amount of breast tissue imaged. This article will review the types of implants and procedures currently available and will highlight precautions and radiographic techniques used to provide effective imaging services in women with implants.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tDiffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Liver
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) of the brain is a well-established and reliable modality for evaluating many neurologic conditions, but the use of DWI for examinations of other body organs is not as common because of technical challenges, such as respiratory and cardiovascular motion. Also, the cellular nature of some abdominal organs makes the interpretation of DWI more difficult. Despite these difficulties, DWI of the liver is becoming more useful as radiologists become more familiar with the technique. This article, which is the second in a series of 2, concentrates on DWI of the liver—how it differs from DWI of the brain, why it is being used more frequently despite the challenges it presents, and how to optimize DWI sequences for applications outside the cranium.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tRadiologic Assessment of Epilepsy
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Epilepsy is a common, chronic brain disorder that is characterized by a history of repeated spontaneous seizures and accompanying impairments of normal physical and psychological function. Seizures reflect abnormal electrical currents within the brain, which are generated by the motion of sodium, potassium, and other ions across cell membranes. The propagation of these electrical currents along white matter pathways within the brain may result in the rapid spread of abnormal activity involving large portions of the cerebral cortex. In general, seizures may be classified as focal (primarily involving a specific, well-defined region of the brain) or generalized (rapidly spreading to involve both hemispheres of the brain). Although more than 20 antiepileptic drugs are currently available for the treatment of patients with epilepsy, approximately 20% to 40% of patients with epilepsy do not respond adequately to medication alone, and continue to experience seizures even with optimized medication doses. Epilepsy surgery often helps to control symptoms for these patients. The electroencephalogram (EEG) has long been used to evaluate changes in brain electrical activity in patients with epilepsy, and may be used either alone or in combination with conventional imaging approaches such as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify a specific seizure focus. In patients with normal or inconclusive CT or MRI scans, a variety of functional imaging techniques may help to better define the seizure focus. Recent guidelines from the American College of Radiology define appropriate indications for several functional imaging technologies, including positron emission tomography, single photon emission-computed tomography, functional MRI, and magnetoencephalography/magnetic source imaging.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Role of Simulators, Virtual Teaching, and Electronic Handheld Devices in Medical Imaging in Education and Image Viewing
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: In the last 10 years, advancements in technology have changed what is available to both radiologic technologists and radiologists, not only for their education, but for their day-to-day function. As technology advancements are made in the private and public sectors, they are applied to the medical imaging profession. The following article will examine various technologic advances, discuss currently available virtual teaching programs, identify methods for incorporating handheld devices into conventional teaching programs, and describe how various mobile products/platforms conform to current compliance standards and regulatory guidelines.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tBreast Imaging Through the Ages: A Historical Review and Future Outlook
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Breast imaging has only come of age in the 20th century with the introduction of mammography, which stemmed from the discoveries of X-rays and radiation in the late 19th century. Large-scale mammography screening programs are now in place to provide early breast cancer detection. The field continues to evolve with the introduction of new applications, such as computed tomography, breast-specific gamma imaging, and positron emission mammography. However, these technologies are associated with higher radiation doses. This article reviews the history of breast imaging, highlighting its specific impact on breast cancer detection and prognosis, and discusses emerging technologies for patients in whom mammography may be inadequate or contraindicated.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tDiffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption:
\r\n\t\t\tImaging Studies of the Chest: A Student Case Series
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 0.75
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Chest imaging encompasses a wide variety of patient groups and presentations. Imaging studies of the chest are common in the emergency setting and are routinely used to help diagnose unexplained symptoms affecting the upper body. Depending on the patient presentation, a variety of modalities are available to accurately diagnose and manage traumatic injuries, thromboembolic disease, and cancer. Developed under the supervision of Terry Duggan-Jahns, RT(R)(CT)(MR)(M), with the participation of radiologic technology students and radiologic technologists, this article presents interesting and informative cases involving chest imaging studies, with cases ranging from those of suspected pulmonary embolism to a variety of malignancies.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tInfection Control in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major and growing problem. Imaging departments are a hub for infectious diseases, with the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suite often leading the way. Safety hazards related specifically to MRI can restrict cleaning, which creates a challenge in minimizing HAIs in this specific imaging modality. As healthcare providers, we have a responsibility to protect our patients and coworkers, as well as ourselves. In MRI, this protection goes beyond educating patients about examination preparation, magnet strength, and procedure expectations. It includes a high level of behind the scenes work to maintain a clean environment for all who enter. The following article will address the risks associated with MRI, types of infections that can be acquired by patients while receiving an MRI, routes of infection transmission, and infection prevention in the MRI suite.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tTargeted Therapies in Oncology
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 0.75
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: The struggle to diagnose, plan treatment, treat, and assess treatment response in patients with cancer has shifted away from the traditional cytotoxic agents to therapeutic agents that work via biological mechanisms. In radiology, molecular imaging and functional assessment with radiologic modalities are useful in diagnosis, treatment, treatment planning, and response assessment, while the targeted radionuclide therapies have now come of age with the US Food and Drug Administration’s approval of two (2) CD20 radiolabeled antibodies.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tSystemic Breast Disease And Inflammatory Breast Lesions
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1.5
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: The radiologic features of breast lesions caused by systemic and inflammatory diseases often mimic those of malignancy, causing a diagnostic challenge even if the underlying disease is known. Occasionally, the breast may be involved in certain immunologic or inflammatory responses that usually manifest with radiographic features that mimic malignancy; some of these conditions include: amyloidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis and sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic fibrous mastopathy, dermatomyosistis of the breast, mastitis, mammary tuberculosis, parasitic infections, fat necrosis, and mammary ductal ectasia among others. When these breast pathologies are reviewed, breast imaging technologists will be better prepared to recognize the differences between these responses and avoid diagnosis delays.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tUtilization of Radiographic Grids in Medical Imaging: Everything You Wanted to Know . . . but Were Afraid to Ask
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: In radiography, the use of radiographic grids is the best-known, most significant, and effective means of eliminating scatter radiation from an image. Scatter radiation can decrease the contrast of an image and prevent visualization of details, which compromises image quality. Because contrast and image detail are 2 of the most important elements used to create a superior image, using radiographic grids can positively impact the overall image quality. The goal of this article is to review concepts and grid applications, as well as provide an update on the requirements for grid utilization for digital radiologic technologists.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tAn Introduction to Osteoporosis and Bone Mineral Density Testing
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 0.75
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption:
Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by a deterioration of bone tissue and an increase in susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis and low bone density targets mainly the elderly and women. Despite the availability of a number of screening and diagnostic testing options, in many cases, osteoporosis is not diagnosed until the patient experiences a bone fracture. This article reviews the incidence and cost of osteoporosis, risk factors for development of bone loss, concerns for special populations including patients with prostate cancer and spinal cord injuries, and the available screening and diagnostic imaging studies. It also reviews the new World Health Organization Fracture Risk Assessment Tool.
\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\r\n\t\t\tPositron Emission Tomography in Neurologic Disease
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 0.5
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Positron emission tomography (PET) is a technique that is useful in diagnosis, planning treatment, and predicting outcomes in various neurologic diseases. It frequently plays its best role as a complementary modality to imaging techniques such as computerized tomography. This article outlines PET procedure and discusses how PET imaging in health and disease will improve and save lives of patients with various different diseases and disorders. PET is a technique that shows promise in drug development and localization of cognitive functions to specific locations in the brain. Newer combined modalities such as PET/CT also are presented.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Emergence of Portable Flat-Panel DR Detectors in Medical Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1.5
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: The digital revolution has brought about many changes, providing medical imaging professionals with better tools to help facilitate workflow changes in every-day clinical applications. A great example of these changes is the implementation of digital radiography (DR) systems. With these systems in place, the time from taking a radiographic exposure to when the radiologist views the image has been greatly reduced. This article will examine the technology and development behind these DR detectors, discuss the imaging processing applications and optimization parameters, and the benefits and clinical applications of DR panels in an effort to help radiologic technologists effectively use these devices to improve patient outcomes.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tLeadership Styles in the Imaging Profession
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 0.75
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Leaders are everywhere in the imaging profession. From department directors to supervisors, team leaders to informal staff leaders, the effect they have on coworkers and staff can shape the culture of the imaging department. These effects can be positive or negative, thus recognizing particular leadership styles and theories can be beneficial in order to ensure the success of a leader. The following article discusses leadership styles, traits, and theories, in an effort to address the roles and needs of various leaders in the imaging department. There are also several case studies within the article that pose open-ended questions to provide opportunities for individual insight into the different leadership styles.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tFighting Anxiety in Order to Improve the Quality of Breast Imaging for Women
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Many women experiencing a potential positive breast cancer diagnosis have been shown in the literature to experience anxiety, the effects of which can potentially have a negative effect on their quality of life. Through the investigation of articles concerning breast cancer anxiety and correlating factors, it became apparent that there is a need to create a hospitable and comfortable environment within the mammography office, conducive to the alleviation of anxiety. This article discusses the many examinations used to investigate anxiety in patients, and it is suggested that a new protocol be put into place in all medical facilities that will aid in the discovery of anxiety, through the use of the 2-quesiton questionnaire. \r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tAn Introduction to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatic Fat Quantification Methods for MR Technologists
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which fat abnormally accumulates within the liver cells; the presence of fat within these cells is known as steatosis. Steatosis can be a benign condition or progress into more serious forms of liver disease. Fortunately, NAFLD can be a fairly benign condition when diagnosed and treated early preventing more serious forms of liver disease like nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This activity reviews various forms of noninvasive imaging modalities including ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy that are being used to initially detect NAFLD, NASH, and steatosis and monitor these conditions over time.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tRadiation Safety: A Growing Concern
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: One of the basic principles of radiation protection is that radiation dose should always be kept as low as reasonably achievable, or ALARA. Although radiation safety practices are essentially basic, they seem to have become challenging as the number of diagnostic procedures and types of imaging equipment continue to expand. The following article discusses the basics of radiation safety as they relate to different imaging modalities and equipment to provide imaging professionals with the information they need to adequately address their patient's concerns.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tMobile Computed Radiography Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Mobile radiography is a fundamental aspect of the medical imaging field. These examinations are difficult due to a variety of potential obstacles and variables. In addition, the basic radiographic technology has evolved over the years and has been considerably impacted by the use of computed radiography (CR). Digital technology has improved the transition of workflow and reduced the need to repeat a portable study due to exposure variables. This article provides a review of current mobile radiographic technology coupled with the use of CR, either integrated within the unit or using imaging plates with the system.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Link Between MRI Gadolinium Contrast Media and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Presented in Patients with Renal Insufficiency
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) is a new disease that has raised concerns within magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the medical community. The use of gadolinium contrast agents has increased significantly in magnetic resonance angiography procedures, potentially leading to the sudden onset of NSF symptoms. This disease is focused particularly in patient populations who have kidney disease or renal insufficiencies stemming from the decreased function of the glomerular filtration system. Over 90% of NSF cases can be linked to a previous MRI gadolinium contrast exam throughout research findings which has heightened apprehension within the US Food and Drug Administration and medical imaging facilities.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tBrain Mapping Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1.5
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) includes many different techniques and body areas, but the examination that is most commonly associated with the term is brain imaging using blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast. fMRI is being used increasingly for functional brain mapping. It is useful for research of disease processes and to better understand the way the brain works. It is also very useful in a clinical setting, especially for surgical planning. This article will discuss the physics behind BOLD contrast and brain mapping techniques, as well as the methodology and limitations of fMRI.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tMalignant Disease of the Breast: The Role of Breast Imaging in Identification and Treatment
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: According to the National Cancer Institute estimates, each year approximately 192 000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer. Imaging studies are used to establish any abnormality in the breast, with mammography as the mainstay of screening for breast cancer. Ultrasonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine procedures also have become an important aid in the identification of abnormalities in the breast tissues. This article will examine the anatomy of the breast, provide a detailed account of malignant pathology arising in the breast tissues, discuss the role of imaging in detecting these abnormalities, and outline treatment modalities for breast cancer.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tVenous Insufficiency
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Lower extremity venous insufficiency is a potentially debilitating condition that can negatively affect an individual's quality of life. There are several risk factors associated with the development of venous insufficiency symptoms. If these symptoms are left untreated, early venous insufficiency symptoms can continue to worsen until chronic venous insufficiency develops. This article provides a brief overview of venous anatomy, physiology, and pathology; a descr' + 'iption of the CEAP system, a universal scoring system developed by the American Venous Forum; and an explanation of the most common imaging methods used to diagnose venous insufficiency.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tCT and MRI Abdominal Imaging Studies: A Student Case Series
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are 2 valuable modalities in imaging studies of the abdomen and pelvis, and radiologic technologists should be familiar with proper patient preparation, examination setup, examination parameters, and possible findings in clinical applications of CT and MRI. Through a series of case studies, this article will address techniques used to perform imaging studies in patients presenting with problems as varied as chronic kidney disease, kidney disease of unknown etiology, abdominal abscess, lymphoma, abdominal aortic aneurysm, liver hemangioma, and traumatic pelvic injury.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tA Review of MRI of the Breast and MRI-Guided Stereotactic Biopsy
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) continues to show improvement in the detection and diagnosis of breast cancer, even in its earliest stages. It is especially beneficial for imaging lesions that are occult on other modalities. To better understand the role of MRI in conventional breast imaging and as a modality for guiding biopsies this article provides a review of basic MR breast imaging techniques, an overview for technologists of MRI-guided stereotactic breast biopsy procedures, and highlights the pros and cons of MRI breast biopsy guidance as an alternative to surgical biopsy. The role of the MRI technologist, various safety considerations, and technical developments are also discussed.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tImage-Guided Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Recent advances in imaging techniques, computer software, and robotics have led to the development of new image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) techniques to improve the accuracy of radiation therapy in patients with breast cancer. Radiation therapy is an important part of the standard of care for women with breast cancer, and is often used in combination with breast-conserving surgery ("lumpectomy") for patients with early disease. This article discusses the use of radiation therapy in patients with breast cancer, defining characteristics of intensity modulated radiation therapy and IGRT, and the limitations of IGRT and potential directions for future research.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Role and Value of Nuclear Medicine in the Imaging of Sentinel Nodes and Breast Cancer
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Histological analysis of the sentinel nodes is well documented in the literature for the management of cancer. Different ways to detect, localize, and biopsy or excise sentinel nodes for histological purposes using ultrasound, "blue dye," and various nuclear medicine techniques have been adopted into clinical practice. With a particular focus on breast cancer, this article examines the role and value of nuclear medicine in the detection and localization of sentinel nodes.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Role of Imaging in the Evaluation of Low Back Pain
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Low back pain is among the most common reasons for physician visits in the United States, and is associated with considerable patient distress, limitation of normal activities, and work-related disability. The routine use of imaging for patients with acute back pain is controversial. Imaging is recommended for patients who have certain high-risk features that suggest the presence of a serious underlying disease process (for example, cancer or a spinal infection). This article will discuss imaging techniques commonly used to evaluate different types of back pain, as well as summarize guideline recommendations about the role of imaging in patients with back pain.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tA Multimodality Approach to Breast Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Screening and diagnostic breast studies are important services provided by imaging facilities, and require trained medical imaging professionals who are familiar with the modalities used to evaluate the breast and accurately distinguish between benign and malignant disease. Although mammography is the most well-established imaging modality to screen asymptomatic patients at risk for breast cancer, a multimodality approach is becoming more widely used, encompassing mammography in addition to breast sonography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and, when necessary, surgical and needle biopsy to provide a more thorough analysis of the underlying pathology, and an accurate assessment of a diverse population of women. This article will provide an overview of breast anatomy and pathology, a brief review of each modality, a discussion of a multimodality approach to imaging, and surgical techniques currently used to assess the breast.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Role of Image Fusion in Medical Dosimetry
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Medical imaging fusion plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer who are receiving radiation therapy. The image fusion and registration process involves combining multimodality images to delineate the anatomical and physiological differences from one dataset to another. This article will discuss various imaging modalities and examine how significant their roles are in the treatment and management of radiation therapy patients. Image registration processes will be introduced as well as the recommended quality assurance procedures. In addition, DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) networking requirements will be explained as they apply to image fusion, registration, and storage, and the DICOM-RT (Radiotherapy) networking will be discussed as it applies to the radiation therapy department.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tNeuroimaging in the Diagnosis of Dementia
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Dementia is the gradual and progressive loss of cognitive ability that is caused by disease or injury of the brain. Many neurologic disorders can cause symptoms of dementia, including Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, stroke, and other neurodegenerative diseases, making it challenging to diagnose. Dementia is common in radiology practice, and neuroimaging is often an essential step in establishing a correct diagnosis and selecting an appropriate treatment option. This article discusses the typical clinical presentation of dementia, imaging techniques used in routine diagnosis, and the unique patient safety and communication issues for imaging patients with dementia.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tImaging Pelvic Fractures
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Patients with pelvic ring injuries present with fractures ranging from single pelvic fractures to those accompanied by many life-threatening injuries. Radiography is one of the first steps in the diagnosis and development of a treatment plan for these patients. Radiographers should know how to properly perform anteroposterior pelvis radiographs and additional radiographs of the pelvis, including inlet, outlet, and Judet views, and know the anatomy each view will demonstrate. The goal of this article is to inform the radiographer of various types of pelvic fractures and specific radiographic images that will best demonstrate each fracture.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Role of CT in Breast Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Recent studies on the use of computed tomography (CT) technology for breast imaging have refocused the radiology community's attention on the potential benefits of breast CT, after it was deemed not viable in the 1970s. This article discusses the components, features, advantages, disadvantages, and protocol of 2 breast CT systems—conventional whole-body scanner breast CT and the dedicated breast CT system—and demonstrates how CT may be a significant tool for breast imaging radiologic professionals. The cost and technological advances of CT make it a strong competitor to mammography in winning the battle against breast cancer.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tMultidetector Computed Tomography: Evaluating the Trauma Patient
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) is useful in the evaluation of many anatomical parts and has become the gold standard for diagnostic imaging of trauma patients. Many of the reasons for this are related to the core strengths of MDCT: speed, specificity, and accuracy. However, there are many factors to consider when using MDCT. This article discusses implications for, as well as common findings from, the most common MDCT examinations performed on trauma patients, including discussions on the use of intravenous iodinated contrast material, imaging of pediatric trauma patients, common pitfalls, and the role of the computed tomography technologist in assuring high-quality diagnostic examinations.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tMonitoring Disease Progression: Incorporating MRI and New Modalities in Clinical Decision Making
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: The diagnostic process and management of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have undergone remarkable changes over the last 2 decades with the introduction of new paraclinical measures of disease, such as imaging modalities (eg, magnetic resonance imaging), and the use of disease-modifying therapies. This article reviews the diagnosis and monitoring of MS, with an emphasis on disease progression and incorporating new modalities into clinical decision making. In order to provide additional insight on this topic, Senior Associate Editor, Terry Duggan-Jahns, RT(R)(CT)(MR)(M), also contributes a clinician interview discussing patient education, imaging techniques, and the use of contrast.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tPractical Considerations in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Studies
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) represents an important advance in clinical diagnostics and continues to demonstrate wider applicability through innovations in systems hardware and software. In addition, contrast media specifically developed for use in MRI studies have resulted in new applications for MRI contrast studies that can offer additional diagnostic information and prove less invasive than other diagnostic tools used in clinical practice. This article presents MRI contrast studies in a variety of clinical applications, with special attention to proper MRI sequences based on the study performed, different classes of contrast agents, and important safety considerations with MRI contrast media.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\t3D Imaging: Case Studies in Advanced Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Three-dimensional (3D) imaging results in highly impressive images that clearly depict internal anatomic structures and can provide diagnostic information beyond what is available in other radiologic imaging modalities. However, the postprocessing image reconstruction needed to create these studies can require considerable staff resources and advanced training. This article will describe the current role of 3D technologists, discuss the different challenges presented with onsite or outsourced 3D postprocessing, and present relevant case studies in a variety of medical applications currently aided by 3D postprocessing.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tBreast Cancer Interventional Procedures
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: As technological advancements in breast imaging continue to emerge, the ability to detect small, early stage breast cancers is significantly improving. The importance of making an accurate tissue diagnosis of these early breast cancers is paramount. This article provides a brief descr' + 'iption of the most common breast imaging modalities, a descr' + 'iption of the most common diagnostic biopsy procedures, and a descr' + 'iption of the most popular, current, and forthcoming therapeutic procedures.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tAn Introduction to Forensic Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Radiography is commonly used in the collection of forensic evidence and is especially useful for confirming the identity of both living and deceased subjects, identifying pre-existing skeletal trauma, assisting in the determination and/or confirmation of cause of death, and locating hidden foreign bodies, such as fragments of explosives and packages of illegal substances. The following article discusses the appropriate forensic imaging protocols for each situation and the legal and ethical issues involved, as well as new developments in technology, in an effort to provide the radiographer with the tools needed to function as part of the forensic team.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tScreening for Breast Cancer: A New Approach
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Breast cancer has a considerable impact on public health in the United States, and early detection through regular screening efforts has been critical in improving long-term outcomes for individuals affected by the disease. Radiologic science professionals play an important role in the breast cancer screening process, and are often the only professionals that individuals encounter during their examination. Technologists should therefore have an understanding of current mammography and magnetic resonance imaging practices, as well as the use of advanced modalities in screening applications, so that they are in a position to answer questions that arise and put their clients at ease. This article will review standard breast cancer screening modalities, risk factors that require additional screening efforts, and advanced modalities that are under development to improve the quality and utility of breast imaging.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tSonographic Features of Benign Breast Masses: A Case Review
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Although breast imaging is most routinely thought of as a screening and diagnostic tool to detect and manage breast cancer, benign breast lesions are vastly more common than malignant lesions and often require accurate diagnosis to rule out cancer and determine the best treatment course. Breast ultrasound, in particular, is routinely performed to distinguish between fluid-filled breast cysts that usually require no further treatment, and solid masses that require biopsy and follow-up care. Through a series of case studies, this article will provide an overview of common presentations of benign breast lesions and their appearance on ultrasound.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Role of Neuroimaging in Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Gliomas of the Brain
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Brain tumors are amongst the most devastating of all malignant diseases. They are difficult to diagnose and challenging to treat. Neuroimaging has assumed an important role in the care of patients with brain tumors. This article will provide a summary of the incidence, pathological classification, diagnosis, and staging of brain tumors. The role of imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas will be discussed with particular reference to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. In addition, current treatment strategies, including surgical and radiation therapy procedures, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies, will be reviewed.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tCardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Evolving Tool in Clinical Practice
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a rapidly evolving modality that offers new excitement and challenges to the radiology profession. Although echocardiography is still the most widely used imaging modality in cardiovascular medicine, cardiac MRI is a noninvasive, well-established, powerful, and complementary technique to echocardiography. This article will review MRI techniques used to evaluate cardiac morphology and function, perfusion, viability, and flow velocity quantification, with an emphasis on the specialized training and commitment required by radiology staff responsible for overseeing this advanced diagnostic modality.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tDoppler Ultrasound: Pearls and Pitfalls
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Today, most sonographic examinations require a Doppler component to completely assess an organ or area. However, the scanning techniques required to obtain the Doppler information can be different from the scanning techniques used to obtain the grayscale information, and without a clear understanding of these techniques, there is potential for misdiagnosis or referral for an unnecessary more invasive test. This article discusses several important concepts in Doppler, including proper angle correction techniques, the effects of hemodynamics on the Doppler waveform, and how to optimize the image and Doppler waveform, in an effort to provide sonographers with helpful pearls and methods for avoiding potential pitfalls in diagnosis with Doppler.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tComputed Radiography and Digital Radiography: A Comparison of Technology, Functionality, Patient Dose, and Image Quality
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: The medical imaging field has been considerably impacted in recent years by the emergence of digital imaging modalities, including computed radiography (CR) and digital radiography (DR), also known as direct digital radiography. When considering a switch to CR or DR, facilities should anticipate the need for extensive staff training because medical imaging professionals require specialized knowledge in these systems to make the regular adjustments to image acquisition and processing that limit radiation dose while preserving image quality. This review addresses important similarities and differences between CR and DR technologies and explains technical practices that can help maximize the safety and diagnostic strength of these modalities.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tNew Technological Advancements in Breast Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: New technological advancements in breast imaging modalities are improving image quality and enhancing the diagnostic accuracy of breast cancer detection, staging, and treatment. The American Cancer Society's most recent breast cancer screening guidelines recommend an overlapping approach for high-risk patients by using dual modalities in the screening process. Studies indicate that using a redundancy approach to breast cancer screening in high-risk patients by incorporating dual modalities in the screening process has proven beneficial in improving early detection and long-term survival rates. This article provides a brief overview of breast cancer, the existing breast imaging modalities, and the new technological advancements are presented.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tLung Cancer: A Review of Current Treatment Modalities with a Focus on New Strategies
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world and is responsible for more deaths annually in the United States than cancers of the breast, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer combined. This article will provide a summary of the epidemiology, pathology, and staging of lung cancer and the current radiation treatment options available to patients, with special reference to stereotactic body radiation therapy and accelerated dose regimens for non-resectable early stage lung cancer and lung metastases. Also, new strategies involving biological molecular targeting will be addressed.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tDigital Mammography: Planning, Implementation, and Integration
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: The use of mammography in breast cancer screening and treatment has represented a critical advance in the management of this disease. Although screen-film mammography (SFM) was considered the gold standard in mammography imaging modalities until recently, full-field digital mammography (FFDM) is increasingly recognized as an attractive alternative to SFM. This article will describe the current state of FFDM and address the challenges that facilities may encounter when transitioning to this technology.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tEthical Considerations in Medical Imaging: How Do Ethics Affect Our Patients and Our Practice?
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 0.5
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Ethics encompasses a variety of issues that all medical professionals, including medical imaging technologists, must ultimately tackle. When considering ethics, medical imaging professionals need to take into account their responsibilities to patients, colleagues, employers, the imaging profession, and themselves. This article will review these responsibilities with respect to medical imaging and the challenges that imaging technologists may face in approaching their work from the perspective of sound ethics.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tThe Evolution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging: 3T MRI in Clinical Applications
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Until recently, 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (3T MRI) was only used in research applications. However, as MRI technology evolves, 3T MRI studies (as opposed to 1.5T) are increasingly common in the clinical setting. This article will discuss the present challenges, benefits, and limitations of 3T MRI in the clinical setting in specific clinical applications, including imaging studies of the brain, spine, chest, abdomen, pelvis, extremities, cardiac system, vascular system, and breast.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tAll Things Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition marked by an extensive spectrum of neurologic signs and symptoms, and is believed to be caused by an autoimmune attack on the myelin and axons of the central nervous system. Although a careful neurologic history and physical examination are essential to making this sometimes elusive diagnosis, neuroimaging techniques have also played a prominent role in confirming the diagnosis, studying disease progression longitudinally, and assisting in the research and development of novel therapies. This article will review the history, anatomy, physiology, and the pathophysiology of MS as background for an exploration of the imaging techniques key to the diagnosis and treatment of this sometimes devastating disease.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tAlzheimers Disease: Assessment Through Imaging
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of chronic dementia among older individuals, affecting 60% to 80% of those diagnosed with a dementia disorder. This review discusses the epidemiology, signs and symptoms, and pathophysiology of AD. Assessment through various imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single photon emission computed tomography, will be emphasized because early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment effects from new and experimental therapies may hold the key to eventual cure.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tHolographic Technology for PACS Storage: An Emerging Technology
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: This article presents an overview of holographic storage and retrieval technologies with a focus on its application in picture archiving and communication systems. Administrators, radiologists, and radiologic technologists responsible for strategic growth plans for media storage and retrieval systems need to be informed of key technologies emerging in this sector. Because an exponentially greater amount of data can be stored on 3-dimensional holographic media as opposed to conventional methods that only store data on the surface of the media, holographic storage technologies could someday replace current magnetic, single-layer optical storage modalities.\r\n\t\t
\r\n\t\t\tMedical Imaging in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
\r\n\t\t\tSource: eRADIMAGING
\r\n\t\t\tCredits: 1
\r\n\t\t\tCost: $14.95/year (Subscr' + 'iption: Take all available CE Exams for $14.95)
\r\n\t\t\tDescr' + 'iption: This article reviews the underlying etiology and pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis (CF), which is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disorder among the Caucasian population. It discusses the various imaging modalities involved in identifying and tracking the pathologic changes caused by CF, including basic modalities, such as radiographs, and newer techniques, such as high-resolution computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and the latest in what currently remains to be a primarily research-based imaging method, positron emission tomography.\r\n\t\t